These environmental changes, in addition to natural maturation, may result in some interesting changes to self-control during this period. This gap is notable because there is a significant change between a child's life in kindergarten versus primary school: in the latter, children are required to regulate their behavior in the classroom and to attend to the teacher's lessons. Thus, there is a significant gap in the research literature representing the period of kindergarten through primary school. In contrast, because the adolescent period is characterized by sweeping biological, emotional, cognitive and social changes, the research has focused on topics such as sensation seeking and impulsivity and their relation to risk-taking behavior and psychopathology 11, 12, 13. The studies that have focused on the preschool period have tried to determine when self-control emerges and its developmental trajectory 6, 9, 10. Therefore, the form, development and influence of factors effecting children's early self-control has attracted the attention of developmental psychologists 1, 8.Ī majority of the research that has been conducted has explored the development of self-control during two periods: preschool and adolescence. Moreover, self-control can also alleviate behavior, academic and emotional problems 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
Furthermore, numerous studies have confirmed that self-control at an early age has positive effects on preschool and middle-childhood academic, social and emotional ability, as well as on the development of conscience 1, 2. Similarly, there is evidence that individuals who have strong self-control in early childhood are more successful in school and are more likely to have successful careers and harmonious family relationships in adulthood 1, 2. Moreover, in that study, the effects of children's self-control were separated from the effects of intelligence, social class and mistakes that were made when the children were adolescents. A 32-year longitudinal study indicated that possessing self-control in childhood (defined as 2–10 years of age) predicts physical health, substance dependence, personal finances and criminal-offending outcomes in adulthood (i.e., there is a self-control gradient) 1. Early self-control has a profound and lasting effect on one's life in adulthood.
Moreover, success at many life tasks depends critically on children's mastery of such self-control. The ability to control one's impulses and modulate one's emotional expressions is the earliest and most ubiquitous demand that societies place on children.
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